In the election of 1900, incumbent Republican President William McKinley sought re-election in what was the first presidential contest of the 20th century. The race culminated in an unexpected and dramatic conclusion. Let’s dive into the details.
Economy & Imperialism
Following his victory in the election of 1896, William McKinley faced a country in recovery. The economy rebounded from the Panic of 1893, and businesses flourished. McKinley’s adherence to the Gold Standard was also gaining traction, diminishing the debate over silver currency.
A significant aspect of McKinley’s term was the expansion of American imperialism. After the explosion of the USS Maine—a controversial event—McKinley requested Congressional authority to declare war on Spain. The resulting Spanish-American War was brief, leading to the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and temporary control of Cuba.
However, American imperialism faced further challenges as the U.S. engaged in the Philippine-American War, resisting Filipino calls for independence. These conflicts continued to impact the political landscape as McKinley prepared for the election of 1900.
The New Running Mate
In the wake of Vice President Garret Hobart’s death in 1899, the Republican Party needed a new running mate for McKinley. Enter Theodore Roosevelt, then Governor of New York. Despite his progressive policies clashing with party bosses, Roosevelt was selected to balance McKinley’s ticket. Ironically, the GOP saw this choice as a way to neutralize Roosevelt’s progressive influence.
Reluctant but ultimately accepting the nomination, Roosevelt became McKinley’s vice-presidential candidate. With the Republican ticket set, the stage was set for a contentious election of 1900.
Bryan’s Back!
The Democrats faced internal divisions over their candidate for the election of 1900. Although Admiral George Dewey was considered, his numerous blunders led to his withdrawal. The Democrats re-nominated William Jennings Bryan, who had lost to McKinley in 1896. Bryan’s running mate was Adlai Stevenson, the former vice president under Grover Cleveland.
Bryan’s campaign faced challenges. His support for Free Silver was less compelling in a recovering economy, and his critiques of McKinley’s imperialism, especially regarding the Philippine-American War, failed to resonate with a public satisfied with the war’s outcomes.
The Campaigns
McKinley relied on his successful Front Porch Strategy from 1896, emphasizing economic recovery and the triumphs of the Spanish-American War. His campaign slogan, “Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail,” underscored the prosperity under his leadership. Theodore Roosevelt energized the campaign with his dynamic speeches and nationwide travel.
Bryan’s campaign, focused on Free Silver and anti-imperialism, struggled to gain traction. His arguments seemed out of touch with the prevailing sentiment of economic improvement and imperial success.
The Results
The election of 1900 resulted in a decisive victory for McKinley. He won with 292 electoral votes and 51.6% of the popular vote. Bryan received 155 electoral votes and 45.5% of the popular vote. McKinley became the first Republican since Ulysses S. Grant to secure two consecutive presidential victories with over 50% of the popular vote.
Assassination & Ramifications
Tragically, McKinley’s second term was cut short. In September 1901, McKinley was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Though McKinley initially survived, he succumbed to his injuries a few days later. Czolgosz was tried, convicted, and executed on October 29, 1901.
With McKinley’s death, Theodore Roosevelt ascended to the presidency, becoming the youngest person to hold the office at 42. Roosevelt’s presidency marked a shift towards progressive reforms, a stark contrast to the corporate-focused policies of the previous administration.
Thus, the election of 1900 not only solidified Republican dominance but also ushered in an era of significant change under Roosevelt’s dynamic leadership.
